Abutment
The supporting wall or pier that receives the thrust of an arch.
Aggregate
Granular material consisting of normal weight or lightweight
particles used with a cementing medium to form concrete masonry, mortar
or grout.
AIA
See American Institute of Architects
American Institute of Architects
The American Institute of Architects is the voice of the
architecture profession dedicated to serving its members, advancing
their value and improving the quality of the built environment.
American Society of Civil Engineers
A society working to represent civil engineers and provide quality
information and resources on technical and professional issues.
American Society for Testing and Material
A global forum for the development of consensus standards.
Anchors
Metal or strap usually made of brass, stainless steel or galvanized
steel. Anchors are used to tie a wall (brick, block or stone) to another
structure.
Anchor Bolts
Threaded bolt placed in grouted masonry unit opening. Used to fasten
wood will, beam or other structural support to wall top.
Apprentice
Individual indenture (contracted) to a training program run by a
Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee (JATO) in the building
trades.
Arch
A section of masonry work that spans an opening and supports not
only its own weight, but also the weight of the masonry work above it.
ASCE
See American Society of Civil Engineers
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Material
Backer Rod
A flexible foam rod tubing either open or closed call used to
maintain a constant joint design. It maintains two sided adhesion
required for all proper sealant joints.
Basket Weave Bond
Module groups of brick laid at right angles to those adjacent.
Bat (Batt)
A piece of brick usually half the full size or smaller.
Bed
The bottom side of a brick or block as it has been laid in the wall.
Bed Joints
Horizontal mortar bed on which a masonry unit has been laid.
Beaded Joints
See Joints
Bevel
The incline of one surface of the same body with the angle being other than a right angle.
BIA
See Brick Industry Association
Bond
Pattern of laid masonry units; adhesion between mortar and masonry
units; tying together parts of two or more wythes of masonry walls by
overlapping masonry units.
Bond Stone
Stone or masonry unit that projects back from the facing wall into a
backup wall. Bond stone is designed to tie the two walls or wythes
together. A bond stone may not project completely through the two walls
or wythes.
Boot Rod (sled runner)
A tool used to finish joints - a longer jointer with a wood handle used for bed joints.
Brick
A molded rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln until hard and used as a building and paving material.
Brick Buggies
Carts used to covey material (palletized or packaged) on scaffolds or building floors either hand or power driven.
Brick Industry Association
National trade association representing distributors and
manufacturers of clay brick and suppliers of related products and
services.
Brick Set/Bolster
A tool used for cutting brick. A brick set is beveled on one side and straight on the other.
Buttering
Place mortar on a masonry unit with a trowel.
Castables
Refractory material in a hydraulic setting bind.
Caulk (caulking)
Sealing material, the process of sealing cracks around doors, windows and other cracks with a caulking gun.
Cavity Wall
A wall built in two wythes of masonry tied together with a continuous air space in between.
Cavity Wall Ties
Metal ties or bonding units used to tie together the wythes on a cavity wall.
Cell Clip
Cut brick piece or section.
Closure
Supplementary or short length used at corners or jambs to maintain bond patters.
Coarse Aggregate
Material predominantly retained on the No. 4 sieve.
Column
Vertical support member.
Compressive Strength
Another term for dead or live loads, vertical forces on a masonry structure.
Concave Joint
A mortar joint tooled with a round jointer. See Joints.
Concrete
A hard, strong construction material consisting of sand,
conglomerate gravel, pebbles, broken stone, or slag in a mortar or
cement matrix.
Control Joint
Vertical joint made in the wall to allow for shrinkage movement.
Used to prevent random cracking of the wall caused by contraction. See
also expansion joint.
Corrugated Wall Ties
Galvanized strips of metal cut 1 inch wide in varying lengths. Used in wall reinforcing.
Crown
High point or apex of curving arch.
Dead Load
A type of vertical force applied on a wall by the weight of the building.
Deflection
Deviation from normal position or from zero.
Density
The quality of being dense, close or compact.
Dowels
A cylindrical piece of steel, either smooth or threaded used to hold
stone in place. Dowels can be set in sealant, mortar or epoxy.
Drip
A projecting piece of material shaped to throw off water, prevent it
from running down a wall or running back under a projection.
Dry Pressed Brick
Brick formed in molds under high pressure from relatively dry clay (5 to 7 percent moisture content).
Dry Saw
Dry cutting blade. If used without water can produce enormous amounts of dust.
Efflorescence
A deposit of white powder on the surface of masonry which comes from
the leaching of water soluble salts in the masonry by evaporation of
water.
Elastic
Ability of material to expand and contract.
Elliptical Arch
One of the strongest arches in brick masonry. It springs from a
horizontal seat at and on the spring course, and the way its haunch
crowns up adds to its strength.
Epoxy Mortar
Mortar of a thermosetting resins containing epoxy groups that are
blended with other chemicals to form strong, hard chemically resistant
mortar.
ESCSI
See Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate Institute
Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate (ESCS)
A ceramic lightweight aggregate prepared by expanding select
minerals in a rotary kiln at temperatures over 1,000° (1,850° F).
Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate Institute
The international trade association for manufacturers of rotary
kiln-produced expanded shale, expanded clay and expanded slate
lightweight aggregate.
Expansion Joint
Vertical or horizontal joints used to separate masonry into segments to control cracking.
Extrude/Extrude Joints
To force clay through a die to give it shape - such as a brick. See Joints.
Face
The exposed surface of a wall. Also the surface of a masonry unit to be exposed in finished work.
Ferrule
Metal band around the handle of the trowel at the shank end. Designed to protect the handle.
Fine Aggregate
Material that will almost entirely pass a No. 4 sieve, and be predominantly retained on the No. 200 sieve.
Flame Finish
The process of using a flame to pop off the surface of the stone
face. This is performed only on granite and can be used both on interior
and exterior stone.
Flashing
Sheet metal or plastic placed in mortar joints and air spaces in masonry for protection against water seepage.
Flemish Bond
A bond consisting of headers and stretchers alternating in every course and laid so that they always break the joint.
Flemish Header
In a flemish bond, a header is placed in the middle of the stretchers in the courses above and below.
Flush Joint
See Joints
Furrowing
Small indentation cut into the mortar bed by a trowel to prepare the mortar bed for the brick.
Glazed Concrete Block
Ceramic or porcelainized glazes and/or mineral glazes used to face masonry units.
Gothic Arch
An arch with a rather high rise, with sides consisting of arcs of
circles, the centers of which are at the level of the spring line. The
Gothic arch is often referred to as a crop, equilateral, or lancet arch,
depending upon whether the spacing of the centers are less than, equal
to, or more than the clear span.
Grade
A predetermined percent of allowable imperfections for stone. Grades
are used to create a scale to which stone can be sold and installed.
Grade also limits the overall dimension that stone can be fabricated.
The groups are granite-group A, marble-group B, marble-group C and
marble-group D.
Granite
An igneous rock created deep within the earth. This rock is dense, difficult to create to final form, but is very durable.
Granular Insulation
A water-repellent or non-water absorbent fill material that pours readily into cores of masonry units or cavity type walls.
Grout
A cementitious component of highwater-cement ratio, permitting it to
be poured into spaces within a masonry wall. Grout consists of Portland
cement, lime and aggregate.
Hand Carts
Carts normally with two wheels which are used to manually handle or
convey masonry units on the scaffold, building floors or around the
project.
Head Joints
The vertical mortar joint between ends of masonry units. Often called cross joint.
Heel
Rear of the trowel blade.
Herringbone Pattern
A pattern of setting in which the units in a wall are laid aslant,
instead of flat, with the direction of incline reversing in alternate
courses, forming a zigzag effect. In floors of paving, the units are set
at approximately a 45 degree angle with the boundary of the area being
clad, alternate rows reversing direction to give a zigzag horizontal
pattern, and the unit in one row filling the triangle between two units
in the adjacent row.
High-lift Grouting
The technique of grouting masonry in lifts up to 12 feet.
Insulation
Material used to prevent the passage or leakage of heat, sound, etc. Comes in the form of board, granular fill or foam.
Interlock
An arrangement by means of which the functioning of one part is controlled by the functioning of another.
Jack Arch
Flat arch usually used for short spans.
Jamb
Vertical sides of an opening such as the side of a door or window.
Joints
See Illustration
Journeyman
Craftsman or tradesman who has completed and passed an apprenticeship in a trade.
Kiln
Oven for firing brick or tile.
Ladder-type Wall Reinforcing
A type of horizontal wall reinforcement. A reinforcement system.
Lateral Force
Force placed on a structure by wind or earth pressure pushing laterally against a wall.
Level
A tool for determining, or adjusting a surface to an even horizontal plane.
Lift
Height of grout (or concrete) placed at one time from one pour.
Lightweight Aggregate
Aggregate of low density used to produce lightweight masonry,
lightweight mortar, and lightweight grout, and includes expanded shale,
clay, slate, and slag, pumice, volcanic cinders, scoria, tuff, and the
end products of coal or coke combustion.
Limestone
Formed below water and compacted this is a highly concentrated
crystalline calcium carbonate (calcite) but also contains silica,
alumina, iron oxide and magnesia.
Lintel
Horizontal structural unit (beam) over an opening; support member over a door or window opening.
Live Loads
A type of vertical force, forces applied by the contents and occupants of a building.
Low-lift Grout
Grout must be placed into the walls after walls reach a certain
height. Building of walls may continue only after grout is in place.
Marble
A metamorphic rock formed from limestone. This stone consists
primarily of calcite and dolomite. Marble is a stone formed all over the
world.
Mason
One who builds or works with stone or brick.
Mason Contractors Association of America
The national trade association representing masonry contractors and
suppliers in national legislative and political affairs, codes and
standards composition, workforce development, education, market
promotion and general industry advocacy.
Masonry
That which is built by a mason; anything constructed of the
materials used by masons, such as stone, brick, tiles, or the like.
MCAA
See Mason Contractors Association of America
MIA
See Masonry Institute of America
Masonry Institute of America
A promotion, technical and research organization established to improve and extend the use of masonry.
Masonry Standards Joint Committee
An organization composed of volunteers who through background, use,
and education have acquired experience in the manufacture of masonry, or
in the design and construction of masonry structures.
Material Safety Data Sheets
Documents describing the known hazards associated with a material.
Miter
A joint formed by fitting together two pieces beveled to a specific angle (usually 45 degrees) to form a corner.
Monolithic
Without joints.
MSDS
See Material Safety Data Sheets
MSJC
See Masonry Standards Joint Committee
National Concrete Masonry Association
Offers a variety of technical services and design aids through
publications, computer programs, slide presentations and technical
training.
NCMA
See National Concrete Masonry Association
Normal Weight Aggregate
Material such as sand, gravel, slag, crushed stone, etc.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
A department of the U.S. Department of Labor to promulgate health
and safety in the U.S. Establishes regulations and enforces such.
OSHA
See Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Parabolic Arch
The strongest of all arches. It has a gradual oval shape.
Parging
Process of applying a coat of mortar to masonry construction,
especially used for masonry walls. Also, the cement mortar coat itself.
PCA
See Portland Cement Association
Pier
A short masonry or concrete column supporting the foundations of the
floor structure in spaces without a basement. Pier may be freestanding
or bonded at its sides to other masonry or concrete. A masonry column
used to support a garden wall. A freestanding column.
Pilaster
A pier or column forming part of a masonry or concrete wall,
partially projecting from it and bonded to it. Designed to receive joist
or beam load.
Plaster
Used in interior stone installations to adhere the anchors in place as well as to fill butt jointed stone.
Plastics
Refractory brick in a plastic-like moldable consistency.
Plumb
Exactly vertical. Measured with a plumb line.
Point
Tip of the trowel blade.
Polish
A mechanical method creating a glossy smooth finish on stone.
Generally marbles and granites can be polished to expose the full grain
and color of the piece.
Polystrence
A tough, clear, colorless plastic material.
Porous
Materials ability to absorb water having many small openings.
Portland Cement
Fine, grayish powder formed by burning limestone, clay or shale and
then griding the resulting clinkers. The result is a cement which
hardens under water and which is used as a base for all mortar. Portland
cement is a grade of cement, not a brand.
Portland Cement Association
The Portland Cement Association represents cement companies in the
United States and Canada through market development, engineering,
research, education and public affairs programs.
Prism
A small assemblage made with masonry units and mortar and sometimes
grout. Primarily used to predict the strength of full scale masonry
members.
Puddling
The process of settling or consolidating grout in a masonry reinforced wall to prevent the formation of voids.
Quarry Sap
The water present in block stone when removed from the ground.
Quarry sap seasons out anywhere from sixty days to eight months,
depending on the type of stone.
Quoin
Large squared stone or brick set at the corner formed by two masonry walls. Projects out from the corner in some cases.
Racked Joint
See Joints
Racking
Laying or stepping back each higher masonry course.
Rebar
Horizonal or vertical reinforcing bars used to reinforce a masonry structure.
Refractory
Any non-metal material or object that can withstand high temperature without becoming soft.
Reinforcing
To strengthen a structure by the addition of something to that structure.
Rock
A wide variety of natural minerals found in virgin form on or below the surface of the earth.
Roman Arch
A semicircular arch. If built of stone, all units are wedge-shaped.
S-Jointer
A shorter jointer used for head joints.
Sample Panel
A test panel designed to 1) demonstrate the quality of materials and
the kind of workmanship that will be used through-out the construction
period or 2) be observed throughout construction of the job for any
change or damage as a result of changes in weather conditions.
Sandstone
Generally quartz based, cemented together with a high percent of
silica, sandstone also contains calcium, carbonate and iron compounds,
this stone generally is formed without sediment grains.
Sealant
Silicone, polyurethane or polysulphate based chemicals with
elastomeric (elastic) characteristics used at various conditions in
stone joints.
Segmental Arch
Similar to semi-circle arch. Segment of a circle.
Semi-Circle Arch
See Roman Arch
Shank
Connect the trowel blade to the trowel handle.
Silica
A white or colorless compound (SiO2) occurring as quartz, sand, flint, agate, and many other minerals.
Sill
Bottom of a window or door frame. Skew. To twist back or lean; to incline. Shoring Jacks. Support masonry lintels.
Sled Runner (Boot Rod)
A longer jointer with a wood handle used for bed joints.
Soft Mud Process
A brick manufacturing process using a soft brick soffit.
Span
Distance between two supports.
Spring Line
For minor arches, the line where the skewback cuts the soffit. For
major parabolic arches, the term commonly refers to the intersection of
the arch axis with the skewback.
Stiff Mud Process
A process through which bricks are made.
Stinger
A long cable that powers the mechanical vibrator used to consolidate grout.
Stone
Term used to discuss rock in a semi or finished form to be used in constructions or landscaping.
Struck Joint
See Joints
Structural Clay Tile
Hollow masonry building units composed of burned clay, shale, fire clay or mixtures thereof.
Substrate
Tensile strength forces that separate the masonry unit from mortar.
Terra Cotta
A hard semifired waterproof ceramic clay used in pottery and building construction.
The Masonry Society
An international gathering of people interested in the art and science of masonry.
TMS
See The Masonry Society
Toothing
Temporary wall end where alternate stretchers project out. Projecting masonry units are called tooths.
Trowel
A flat-bladed hand tool for leveling, spreading, or shaping substances such as cement or mortar.
Truss-Type Wall Reinforcing
A type of horizontal reinforcing systems made with diagonal cross rods through wall flashing.
Tutor Arch
A pointed, four-centered arch of medium rise-to-span ratio.
Vee Joints
See Joints
Veneer Ties
Used to anchor veneer to walls - comes in many styles or types.
Vertical Force
See dead or live loads.
Voussoir
One of the wedge-shaped masonry units which form the arch ring. An example is a brick in a jack arch.
Weathered Joint
See Joints
Weep Hole
Openings placed in mortar joints of facing material at the level of flashing, to permit the escape of moisture.
Wet Saw
A wet cutting diamond blade. Used on a saw that has a continual
water pump supply on the blade keeping the blade clean and cool.
Winning
The process used to mine raw materials used for manufacturing brick.
Wythe
Vertical wall or tier of masonry units one-unit thick. The thickness
of masonry separating flues in a chimney. Also called a withe or tier.
Z-Ties
A wall tie made with a 90 degree angle and a 2-inch leg on each side.
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